9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model The chemical properties of elements are determined primarily by the number and distribution of valence electrons.Electron configurations can be predicted by the position of an atom on the periodic table. 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table The arrangement of electrons in atoms is responsible for the shape of the periodic table.Orbital filling diagrams are a way of indicating electron locations in orbitals. Hund's rule specifies the order of electron filling within a set of orbitals. The Aufbau principle gives the order of electron filling in an atom. Electron configuration notation simplifies the indication of where electrons are located in a specific atom. 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations We look at the four quantum numbers for a given electron.Orbitals are mathematically derived regions of space with different probabilities of having an electron. This field deals with probabilities since we cannot definitely locate a particle. 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model- Atoms with Orbitals Quantum mechanics involves the study of material at the atomic level.The existence of the atomic spectra supports Bohr's model. Bohr's model suggests that the atomic spectra of atoms is produced by electrons gaining energy from some source, jumping up to a higher energy level, then immediately dropping back to a lower energy level and emitting the energy difference between the two energy levels. 9.4: The Bohr Model - Atoms with Orbits Bohr's model suggests that each atom has a set of unchangeable energy levels, and electrons in the electron cloud of that atom must be in one of those energy levels.The highest energy form of electromagnetic waves are gamma (γ) rays and the lowest energy form are radio waves. 9.3: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic waves have an extremely wide range of wavelengths, frequencies, and energies.Light acts like a particle of energy, whose value is related to the frequency of light. The frequency and wavelength of light are related by the speed of light, a constant. 9.2: Light- Electromagnetic Radiation Light acts like a wave, with a frequency and a wavelength.
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